Measure for measure: minimal residual disease in CLL.

Measuring minimal residual disease (MRD) to detect 1 or fewer CLL cells in 10 000 normal leukocytes has consistently shown correlation with long-term clinical outcomes when examined in the context of prospective clinical trials. Substantial international effort has provided a sound scientific foundation establishing valid and reproducible methods in flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction–based molecular assays. The excitement for CLL MRD is justified both by the impressive methods science and the remarkable therapeutic advances in CLL unfolding with each contemporary major clinical trial. Each new achievement is revolutionizing the principles and practice of CLL medicine. In the current study, Kwok and colleagues have shown that the long-term prognostic value of MRD is valid with up to 18 years of follow-up across a spectrum of therapeutic approaches both in the up-front setting and for previously treated patients. Doubts about the prognostic validity of MRD in various settings should now be put to rest. The clinical utility of MRD must now be understood so that it can be properly applied. MRD as a clinical tool rests on its powerful prognostic capacity. There is interest in using MRD to guide therapy and for the design of clinical trials, including as end points. Improving clinical outcomes for those living withCLL entails improving survival and quality of life while minimizing toxicity, including financial burden. MRD assessment will play an important role in achieving these goals. In order to learn how to applyMRD toward these goals, randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) asking specific questions concerning the use of MRD must be conducted. For example, should MRD status support treatment decisions for shortening or intensifying therapy? Can MRD assessments be used to define treatment duration? Only through RCTs can answers to these types of critically important questions be ascertained. The essential clinical trial end points required for this work, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), require long-term follow-up. The work is daunting yet essential. There is interest in shorter-term clinical trial end points, such as MRD status, in hopes of more rapidly achieving these goals to improve the lives of those living with CLL. However, to confidently use a shorter-term end point in place of an accepted longer-term clinical benefit end point demands that key evidentiary requirements be met. The strong association ofMRD status with prognosis has raised the prospect that MRD may be suitable for use as a surrogate for the true clinical benefit end points PFS and OS. Indeed, if the treatment effect on MRD were able to reliably predict the treatment effect on PFS and OS—this is termed the trial-level effect—the ability to complete clinical trials could potentially be substantially shortened. One might ask if the current data already support the use of MRD as a surrogate for longer-term clinical benefit end points. Unfortunately, the answer to this is no, not yet. The analyses so far have evaluated MRD by pooling patients who have undetectable MRD levels and comparing them to those pooled on the basis of positive MRD detection—such an analysis reflects an amalgamation of varied patient-level effects. In this situation the improved outcomes in the undetectableMRD group are pooled over specific therapies at the patient level, and therefore, it is impossible to assign a causal effect or magnitude of effect on MRD to any given therapy. In other words, trial-level effects of treatment are not demonstrated. One way to think of such an analysis is that MRD serves as a tumor sensitivity assay for each patient, and so MRD results forecast on an individual patient level whether clinical outcome is likely to be favorable or not. We can only conclude that an individual patient with undetectable MRD status has a more favorable prognosis compared with a patient with detectable MRD. For MRD to serve as a surrogate end point in RCTs, we need to establish that the triallevel effect of a specific treatment causes the MRD effect and that the MRD effect reliably predicts the true clinical benefit effect. To establish the desired trial-level surrogacy, a collection of RCTs is required in order to show how the experimental treatment affects MRD compared with how the control treatment effects MRD and whether the magnitude of effect on MRD enables one to reliably predict the magnitude of effect on PFS or OS. This is a formidable task. Many